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UNIT (4) TENSE USAGE
By English-Scholar-Cum-Master Myat Ko Ko
UNIT (4) TENSE USAGE
By English-Scholar-Cum-Master Myat Ko Ko
ဒီအခန္းမွာေတာ့ Tense အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးရဲ့ အသုံးျပဳပုံေတြကုိ
ေဖာ္ျပသြားပါမယ္။ grammar စာအုပ္မ်ားစြာမွာ အသုံးအမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး ေဖာ္ျပတာေတြ႕ရမွာပါ။
ဒီစာအုပ္မွာေတာ့ အေကာင္းဆုံးနဲ႕ အျပည့္စုံဆုံးျဖစ္ေအာင္ ရွာေဖြတင
1. Present Simple tense
A. A fact that is always true= အျမဲတမ္းမွန္ေနတဲ့ အရာ၊
Universal truth = The sun rises in the east.
General truth = Honesty is the best policy.
Historical truth = King Okkalapa builds the Shwedagone Pagoda.
Chemical truth = Water combines with Hydrogen and Oxygen.
Geographical truth = Ozone layer is above the sky.
Quotation = Shakespeare says, “Faithful friends are hard to find”.
B. A habitual action of regularity or routine =ထပ္တလဲလဲျဖစ္ေလ့ျဖစ္ထရွိတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
I run every morning. I go to work by car. She drinks ten cups of coffee a day. I wash my hair twice a week.
C. Present moment action = လက္ရွိလုပ္ရပ္၊
She sews a cloth. He does not work in a bank. They live in a flat near the centre of town.
D. Imperative mood =အမိန္႕ေပး၊ေစခုိင္း၊ တုိက္တြန္း၀ါက်၊
Come here. Do your homework. Open the door please. Don’t get up early.
E. Exclamatory sentence = အာေမဋိတ္ (သုိ႕မဟုတ္) အံၾသ၀ါက်၊
Here comes water! What a good book it is! What a beautiful girl she is!
F. Future timetable = အခ်ိန္ဇယား၊
The ticket office opens at 9:00. am. The train leaves at 4 pm.
Spelling of verb +s
Present simple နဲ႕ပက္သက္ျပီး verb form အမ်ားကေန အနည္းေျပာင္းတာ သိထားရမယ္။
1.ၾကိယာအမ်ားစုကေတာ့ မူလၾကယာကုိ ‘s’ ဆက္လုိက္ရင္ အနည္းကိန္းျဖစ္သြားတယ္။
Wants,eats,helps, drives
2.s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, နဲ႕ ဆုံးတဲ့ verb form ေတြဆုိရင္ေတာ့ ‘es’ ဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Kisses, washes, watches, fixes, goes,
3.Y နဲ႕ ဆုံျပီး Y ေရွ႕မွာ consonant ရွိတဲ့ verb form ေတြဆုိရင္ေတာ့ Yကုိ I ေျပာင္းျပီး es ေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။
Carries, flies, worries, tries
4.O,Y နဲ႕ ဆုံးေပမယ့္ သူတုိ႕ရဲ့အေရွ႕မွာ vowel ရွိေနရင္ေတာ့ ‘s’ ပဲဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Buys, says, plays, enjoys
Pronunciation of –S at the end of a word
စကားလုံးေနာက္မွာ(s,es)ဆက္တဲ့အခ
1.စကားလုံးတစ္လုံးက စ၊ ဇ၊ ရွ၊ ခ်၊ ဂ် သံေတြနဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့အခါ ေနာက္ဆုံး s ကုိ iz (အစ္ဇ္) အသံထြက္ရမယ္။
Misses, washes, manages, buses, dishes, badges, chooses, watches, sizes, matches,
2.စကားလုံးတစ္လုံးက ပ္၊ ထ္၊ ခ္၊ ဖ္၊ သ္ အသံနဲ႕ ဆုံးတဲ့အခါ ေနာက္ဆုံး s ကုိ s (စ္) သံထြက္ပါ။
stops, attacks, maths, ships, bricks, hits, laughs, pets, coughs
3.စကားလုံး တစ္လုံးက ဘ္၊ ဒ္၊ ဂ္၊ ဗ္၊ ႆ္၊ လ္၊ မ္၊ န္၊ င္ အသံ (သုိ႕မဟုတ္) သရသံနဲ တဲ့အခါ ေနာက္ဆုံး s ကုိ Z (ဇ္) အသံထြက္ရပါတယ္။
Stabs, breathes, goes, hands, hills, news, bags, trams, wears, leaves, earns, songs
Adverbs of frequency
1.ကၽြနု္ပ္တုိ႕ဟာ မၾကာခဏဆုိသလုိ adverbs of frequency = အၾကိမ္ျပ ၾကိယာ၀ိေ၀သန ေတြကုိ present simple နဲ႕ တြဲသုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ သူတုိ႕ရဲ့ degree-အဆင့္အတန္းကုိ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။
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Never rarely not often sometimes often usually always
2..Adverbs of frequency ေတြကုိ ၀ါက်ထဲမွာ ေရးတဲ့အခါ Main verb ရဲ့အေရွ႕မွာ ထားရတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္
Main verb က verb to be ျဖစ္ရင္ေတာ့ be ၾကိယာရဲ့ အေနာက္မွာထားရတယ္။
I usually start school at 9.00. They are usually in a hurry in the morning.
She doesn’t often go to bed late. I am not often late for school.
She never eats meat. He is never late.
I rarely see Peter these days. We are rarely at home at the weekends.
3.sometimes နဲ႕ usually ကေတာ့ ၀ါက်ရဲ့ အစနဲ႕ အဆုံးမွာလည္းေရးနုိင္ပါတယ္။
Sometimes we play cards. We play cards sometimes.
Usually I go shopping with friends. I go shopping with friends usually.
ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႕ Never, always, rarely, seldom တုိ႕ကုိေတာ့ ေရွ႕ထားေနာက္ထား ေျပာင္းလုိ႕မရဘူး။ ေရွ႕မွာ ထားေရးရင္ ရနုိင္ေပမယ့္ ေနာက္လာမယ့္အခန္းေတြမွာ ျပမယ့္ inversion သေဘာကုိ နားလည္မွ ၀ါက်မွန္ေအာင္ ေရးနုိင္ပါမယ္။
Not- Never I go to the movies. Always I have tea in the morning.
4.every day စတာေတြကေတာ့ ၀ါက်ရဲ့ အဆုံးမွာ ထားေရးတာ ပုိေကာင္းတယ္။
He phones me every night.
Exercise
Fill in the blank spaces with the third person singular form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. KyawKyaw (speak) English very well.
2. Mr. Kan (come) to school on his motorbike.
3. My neighbor’s dog (bark) very loudly.
4. My little brother always (brush) his teeth properly.
5. Dad is so tall that his head almost (touch) the ceiling.
6. Our dog (catch) the ball in its teeth.
7. Mom (mix) vinegar and oil to make salad dressing.
8. Sally (try) not to disturb her brother when he’s reading.
9. Dad (buy) his newspaper from the store on the corner.
10. Her music (annoy) me when I’m doing my homework
Rewrite the following sentences with the correct verb forms.
1. Moe Moe speak English very well.
2. He don’t often drinks coffee.
3.The swmming pool open at 7 pm every morinng.
4. Bad driving make many accidents.
5.The Olympic Games takes place every four years.
6.The Panama Cannal connect the Atlantic and Pacicic oceans.
7.The earth go round the sun.
8. Rice don’t grow in Britain.
9. The sun rise in the east.
10.Bees makes honey.
11.Vegetarians doesn’t eats meat.
12. An atheist don’t believes in God.
13. An interpreter translate from one language into another.
14. Lairs are people who doesn’t tell the truth.
15. The river Amazon flow into the Atlantic Ocean.
2.Present continuous tense
A.An activity that is happening now = အခုေလာေလာဆယ္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့လုပ္ရပ္၊
PaPa is watching TV right now. Don’t turn the TV off. I am watching it. You can’t speak to MoeMoe. She is having a bath.
B.A general activity that take place this week, this month, or this year = ဒီအပတ္၊ဒီလ၊ဒီႏွစ္အတြင္း ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
I am training for the intensive English course. I am learning English 4-skills this month.
Don’t take that book. He is reading it. Be silent. I am reading a book. Look! Our teacher is singing a sound.
C. A temporary activity= ယာယီလုပ္ရပ္၊
SuSu is a student, but she is working as a waiter during the holidays.
I am living with friends until I find a place of my won. Our government is implementing many roads and dams.
D. A planned Future arrangement or near future= စီစဥ္ျပီး သားအနာဂတ္၊
I am going to Singapore next month. We are having dinner with our aunt next week.
I am meeting at 1.00 outside the restaurant.
E.Changing situation = အျမဲတမ္းေျပာင္းလွဲေနတဲ့ ျဖစ္ရပ္၊
The population of the world is increasing very fast these days. Monthly expense in my house is going up and down. The exchange rate of dollar is decreasing now.
Spelling of verb + ing (Form V1 to V-ing)
Present continuous နဲ႕ပက္သက္ရင္ မူလ ၾကိယာေတြကုိ ing ဆက္နည္း(သုိ႕မဟုတ္) present participle လုပ္နည္းကိုလည္း သိထားရမယ္။
1.အမ်ားစုကေတာ့ မူလၾကိယာ base form မွာ ing ဆက္ရုံပါဘဲ။
Wearing, visiting, eating, learning, sleeping,
2.ထူးျခားတာေလးေတြ ေျပာရမယ္ဆုိရင္ စကားလုံးရဲ့အဆုံးမွာ consonant ႏွစ္လုံးဆုံးတဲ့အခါ၊ consonant တစ္လုံးပဲ ဆုံးေပမယ့္ သူ႕အေရွ႕မွာ vowel ႏွစ္လုံးရွိေနတဲ့အခါ ing ပဲဆက္ရပါတယ္။
Send, work, hold, watch, catch, patch+ing
Clean, feel, boil, wear, cook, look, book+ing
3. Vowel တစ္လုံး consonant တစ္လုံး ဆုံးေနရင္ေတာ့ အဆုံးက consonantကုိ ႏွစ္ဆျပဳျပီး ing ဆက္ရပါတယ္။
Run>running, sit> sitting, set> setting
Concur> concurring, refer> referring, begin> beginning, forget> forgetting
Travel>travelling, fufil> fulfilling, but
ျခြင္းခ်က္ကေတာ့ vowel တစ္လုံး consonant တစ္လုံး ဆုံးေပမယ့္ စကားလုံးမွာ stress= ဖိသံ မရွိတဲ့အခါမ်ဳိးမွာ ႏွစ္ျပဳစရာမလုိပါဘူး။ ဥပမာ-
C+v+c> ing
Cover>covering, edit> editing, open>opening ,parallel>paralleling
4.c နဲ႕ဆုံး တဲ့စကားလုံးေတြဆုိရင္ေတာ့ အဆုံးမွာ k ေလးကပ္ျပီး ing ဆက္ရပါတယ္။
Picnic> picnicking, frolic> frolicking, mimic> mimicking, traffic>trafficking
5.i, ee, o, oe, w, x, y နဲ႕ဆုံရင္း ing သာဆက္ရတယ္။
Skill> skilling, flee, go, hoe, shoe, grow, fix, play
6.e နဲ႕ဆုံးရင္ e ျဖဳတ္ျပီး ing ဆက္ရတယ္။
Come> coming, save, live, write, make, take, have, bite, use,
ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႕ e ေရွ႕မွာ yရွိရင္ေတာ့ ing သာေရးရတယ္။
Eye> eying, dye>dying
7.ie ဆုံးရင္ေတာ့ y ဗ်ည္းသုံးျပီး ing ဆက္ရတယ္။
Die> dying, lie> lying
State verbs
Present continuous နဲ႕ပက္သက္ျပီး state verbs အသုံးဆုိတာရွိတယ္။ state verbs ဆုိတာကေတာ့ present simple သာသုံးရတဲ့ verb အုပ္စု ကုိေျပာတာပါ။ အေၾကာင္းကေတာ့ ဒီverb ေတြဟာ လုပ္ရပ္သေဘာနဲ႕ မပက္သက္ဘဲ မွန္ကန္တဲ့အခ်က္ သုိ႕မဟုတ္ အေျခအေနေတြနဲ႕ ဆက္စပ္ေနလုိ႕ပါ။ ဒီ verb ေတြကေတာ့-
Verbs of thinking and opinions
Believe think understand suppose expect
Agree doubt know remember forget
Mean imagine realize deserve prefer
I believe you. Do you understand? I know his face, but I forget his name.
Verb of emotions and feelings
Like love hate care hope wish want admit
I like black coffee. Do you want to go out? I don’t care.
Verb of having and being
Belong own have possess contain cost seem appear
Need depend on weigh come from resemble
This book belongs to Jane.
How much does it cost?
He has a lot of money.
Verbs of the senses
Look hear taste smell feel
The food smells good. We often use can when the subject is a person.
Can you smell something burning? I can hear someone crying.
အထက္မွာ ျပခဲ့တဲ့ verb ေတြထဲက တစ္ခ်ဳိ႕ကုိ present continuous အေနနဲ႕ သုံးတာရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဓိပၸာယ္ကေတာ့ ေျပာင္းသြားပါတယ္။ continuous မွာ သုံးတဲ့ verb က activity ကုိေဖာ္ျပပါတယ္။
I think you are right. (Opinion)
We are thinking of going to the cinema (mental activity)
He has a lot of money.(possession)
She is having a bad day.( activity)
I see what you mean. (understand)
Are you seeing Nigle tomorrow?(activity)
The soup tastes awful. (state)
I’m tasting the soup to see if it needs salt. (activity)
Exercise
Put the verb onto the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative form.
1. Please don’t make so much noise. I …… (try) to work.
2. Let’s go out now. It ………(rain) any more.
3. You can turn off the radio. I ………..(listen) to it.
4. Kate phoned me last night. She’s on holiday in France. She……..(have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back.
5. I want to lose weight, so this week I …………(eat) lunch.
6. The population of the world ……….(increase) very fast.
7. The world……………..(change)
8. The situation is already bad and it………(get) worse.
9. The cost of living ……………(rise). Every year things are more expensive.
10. The weather……(begin) to improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn’t as strong.
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I’m busy right now. I……(fill in ) an application form for a new job. 2. My tutor…….(see) me for a tutorial every Monday at two o’clock. 3. John……..(not/study) very hard at the moment. 4. I ……….(not/ think) he’ll pass his exams. 5. ‘What……(he/do)? ‘He ……(try) to fix the television aerial. 6. Animals ……..(breath in) oxygen and ……..(give out) carbon dioxide. 7. Be quiet! I …….(want) to hear the news. 8. In my country we……..(drive) on the right-hand side of this summer, and probably won’t be back for a couple of months. 9. The college ……(run) the same sourse every year.10. Numbers of wild butterflies………(fall) as a result of changes in farming methods.
Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the box in the correct present tense.
Agree catch up cause have go up know think use
We 1…….energy for three main things: electricity production, heating and transport. For the first two, we 2…… options such as solar and wind power, or natural gas. But oil is still the world’s number one source of energy, and for transport at last, there is currently no alternative. In Chin a, domestic energy consumption 3……..year by year and demand in similar regions 4………fast. We 5………how to use energy more efficiently now than in the past but the worldwide rise in demand 6……….concern amongst experts. Some experts 7………that oil supplies will start to fall within the next twenty years. Most experts 8……….that we need to find a new source of energy soon.
3.Present perfect tense
Present perfect အသုံးမ်ဳိးက ဥေရာပ ဘာသာစကား မ်ားမွာလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဂၤလိပ္မွာ သုံးတဲ့ အသုံးကေတာ့ ကြဲျပားပါတယ္။ အဂၤလိပ္မွာpresent perfect ဆုိတာ တကယ္ေတာ့ present tense ပါဘဲ။ ဒါေပမယ့္ လည္း ဒီ tense က present နဲ႕ ပက္သက္တဲ့ past actions ေတြကုိ ထုတ္ျပတာပါ။ present perfect ဆုိတာ ‘ before now’ အခုမတုိင္းခင္ ကုိေျပာတာပါ။ တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္ ပါရင္ေတာ့ past simple ကုိ သုံးရတယ္။ ဥပမာ-
In my life, I have travelled to all seven continents.
I travelled around Africa in 1998.
Present perfect ကုိေတာ့
1. An action that began in the past and still continues (unfinished past)= အတိက္ကစခဲ့ျပီး အခုထိေအာင္ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ အရာ၊
We have lived in the same house for 25 years.
I have worked as a teacher since 2002.
How long have you known each other?
They have been married for 20 years.
She has studied English for two years.
Note
Many languages express this idea with a present tense, but in English this is wrong.
I have been a teacher for ten years. NOT I am a teacher for ten years.
ေအာက္ပါ Time expression ေတြကုိ ဒီ tense နဲ႕တြဲသုံးတယ္။
For+ two years, a month, a few minutes, half an hour, ages
Since+ 1970, the end of the class, August, o’clock, Christmas
We use for with a period of time and since with a point in time.
2. An experience that happened at some time in one’s life. The action is in the past and finished, but the effects of the action are still felt. When the action happened is not important.=ဘ၀ရဲ့ တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္မွာ ေတြ႕ၾကဳံခဲ့တဲ့ အေတြ႕အၾကဳံတစ္ခု ဟာ အတိက္မွာ ျပီးသြားခဲ့ေပမယ့္ ၄င္းရဲ့ အေတြ႕အၾကဳံက အခုထိ ခံစားေနရတုန္းဆုိရင္၊ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကလည္းဘာမွ အေရးမၾကီးဘူးဆုိုရင္ သုံးတယ္။
I have been to the United States.( I still remenber)
She has written poetry and children’s stories.( in her writing career)
Have you ever had an operation?( at any time in your life up to now)
How many times has he been married?( in his life)
Have you ever been to Australia?
I have never tried bungee jumping.
I haven’t tried sushi before.
3.a past action that has a present result. The action is usually in the recent past.= မၾကားေသးမီး ကျပီးသြားတဲ့အတိက္ရဲ့ အက်ဳိးဆက္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါသုံးတယ္။ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ‘lately, recently, just, already, still, so far, yet, စကားလုံးေတြနဲ႕ တြဲသုံးတယ္။
She has just gone out.
We have already had lunch.
The taxi hasn’t arrived yet.( we’re still waiting for it.)
What have you done to your lip? (it’s bleeding.)
We often announce news in the Present Perfect because the speaker is emphasizing the event as a present fact.
Have you heard? The Prime Minister has resigned. Susan’s had her baby!
I have ruined the meal.
4.An action that happened at an unspecified time in the past = အတိတ္မတိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မွာ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့လုပ္ရပ္၊
I have seen him on television. I have met him before.
5.Repetition for an action before now= အခုမတုိင္မီ ထပ္တလဲလဲျဖစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ frequently, many times, often, repeatedly, over and over, again and again, from time to time, sometimes, several times, once, twice, three times, four times စကားလုံးေတြနဲ႕တြဲသုံးတယ္။
I have been to Bagan several times. She has read this book over and over.
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentence with the present perfect forms.
1.Tom loose his key.
2.The bus fare goes up.
3. My english improves.
4.The letter arrives.
5. Do you just arrive.
6. I already send it.
7. Does it stop raining yet?
8. I have written the letter, but I don’t send it yet.
9. Do you ever ride a house.
10. I don’t see him today.
11. I don’t read a newspaper today.
12. Do you drive a car before?
Fill in the gaps with the correct verb forms.
How long 1………(you/live) here? I 2……(live) in London for the past three years. I come form Japan originally. I 3……..(stay) at a college here since I arrived 4. ……..(you/do) any travelling over the past three years? I 5………(travel) all over Europe. I especially liked Spain. What is the most interesting thing you 6………(do) recently? Well, I 7………(start) to play tennis, and I 8…….(take) singing lessons for a few months now too. How do you think english will be useful in your life? I 9……(do) a Hospitality and Tourism course over here, so I need english for my studies and my job. I always 10……(want) to work in the tourist industry because I 11 ….always (be) interested in history and cultural sites, and I always 12……(work) as a tour guide in my home town.
4.Present perfect continuous tense
1. An action that began in the past and is continuing now. =အတိက္ကစခဲ့တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္တစ္ခု အခုထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနေသးတယ္ဆုိရင္သုံးတယ္။
KoKo has been swimming for two hours.
I have been studying English for ten years.
How long have you been working here?
I have been thinking about going abroad next year.
2. A past activity that has caused a present result= present result ကုိ ျဖစ္ေစတဲ့ အတိက္ရဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္
Have you been crying? (Your eyes are red now.)
I have been working all day.( I’m tired now.)
Look out of the window! It’s been snowing!
I have been writing this book for two years.
I am covered in paint because I have been decorating the bathroom.
တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ Perfect simpleနဲ႕ perfect continuous မကြဲျပားပါဘူး။ ဥပမာ-
I have played or I have been playing the piano since I was a boy.
ဒါေပမယ့္ အဂၤလိပ္လူမ်ဳိးေတြက continuous ျဖစ္နုိင္မယ့္ေနရာမွာဆုိရင္ေတာ့
I have been living in this house for the past few months.( temporary)
I have lived here all my life. (permanent)
ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႕ Present continuous တုန္းကေဖာ္ျပခဲ့တဲ့ state verb ေတြကုိေတာ့ perfect continuous အေနနဲ႕ မသုံးပါဘူး။
I have had this book for ages.
I have always love sunny days.
Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous?
1. The simple expresses a completed action.= Perfect simple က ျပီးျပည့္စုံတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္သေဘာကုိ ျပတယ္။
I have painted this kitchen, and now I am doing the bathroom.
The continuous expressed an activity over a period and things that happened during the activity. =Perfect continuous က ကာလတစ္ေလွ်ာက္လုပ္ရပ္နဲ႕ ထုိလုပ္ရပ္အတြင္း ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့ အရာေတြကုိ ေဖာ္ျပပါတယ္။
I have got paint in my hair because I have been decorating.
I have been reading all day. I have read ten chapters.
She has been eating ever since she arrived. She has eaten ten biscuits already.
2. Some verbs such as find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop, don’t have the idea of a long time. These verbs are more usually found in the simple. = find, start, buy စတဲ့ ၾကိယာေတြမွာ long time idea မရွိပါဘူး။
Some verbs such as wait, work, play, try, learn, rain, have the idea of a long time and these verbs are often found in the continouos.= wait, work,play စတဲ့ ၾကိယာေတြမွာေတာ့ long time idea ရွိျပီး perfect continuous မွာ မၾကာမၾကာေတြ႕ရတတ္ပါတယ္။
I have cut my finger.( one short action)
I have been cutting firewood.( perfects over several hours.)
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences giving the correct form of the verbs in bracket. Use either the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
1.He ( live) in Myanmar three years now, but still he can’t speak the language.
2. My brother (go) to Nagpali for a holiday: I never (be) there.
3. The life guards (not find) the body yet: they (search) the lake since the accident.
4. That rock(stand) there for centuries: no one knows how it got up that hill.
5. He (not speak) to anybody, he (study) all morning.
6. I (not hear) from my friend since he left Yangon six months ago.
7. Father (not find) his cigarette lighter, he (look) for it all morning.
8. The examination results (not publish) as yet they should ( publish) yesterday.
9. The police (not find) the murderer although they (search) for the past two weeks.
10. Mother (not eat) well lately, she seems to have lost all taste for food.
5.Simple past tense
1. A finished action in the past.= အတိက္မွာျဖစ္ အတိက္မွာပ်က္သြားတဲ့လုပ္ရပ္၊
I won a gold medal last year. We met in 2009. He went to Manchester last month.
Hla Hla left two minutes ago.
2. Actions that follow each other in a story.=ပုံျပင္ ၀တၳဳ ထဲမွာ တစ္ခုျပီး တခုျဖစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
Soe Soe walked into the room and stopped. She listened carefully. She heard a noise coming from behind the curtain. She threw the curtain open, and then she saw a thief.
3. A past situation or habit.= အတိက္အေလ့အထ၊
When I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I walked for miles on the beach with my dog. She trained every morning before work.
ဒီလုိအသုံးမ်ဳိးကုိ used to +v1 နဲ႕မၾကာခဏ ေဖာ္ျပတတ္တယ္။
We used to live in a small house. I used to walk for miles.
4. An action that occurred over a period of time and was completed in the past = အတိက္မွာ အခ်ိန္ၾကာၾကာ လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့ျပီး အတိက္မွာ ျပီး ဆုံးသြားတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
She skated for ten years. He taught English for 50 years.
Spelling of verb+ed (From V1 to V2)
1.verb အမ်ားစုကေတာ့ မူလၾကိယာ ကုိ ed ဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Worked, wanted, helped, washed
2.eနဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့ verbဆုိရင္ေတာ့ d ပဲဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Liked, used, hated, cared,
3. verb က vowel တစ္လုံး consonant တစ္လုံးနဲ႕ဆုံးျပီး တစ္သံသာထြက္ရင္ ေနာက္ဆုံး consonant ကုိ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳျပီး ed ဆက္ရတယ္။
Stopped, planned, robbed,
But we write cooked, seated and moaned because there are two vowels.
4.consonant ကy သုိ႕မဟုတ္ w ျဖစ္ေနရင္ေတာ့ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳစရာမလုိဘူး။.
Played, showed
5.အသံႏွစ္သံထြက္တဲ့ verbေတြမွာ ဒုတိယ အသံမွာstress ရွိရင္ ေနာက္ဆုံး consonant ကုိ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳရတယ္။
Preferred, admitted
ဒါေပမယ့္ ပထမစာလုံးမွာ stress ရွိတဲ့ enter/ visit စတာေတြမွာေတာ့ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳစရားမလုိဘဲ entered/ visitedလု႔ိဘဲေရးရတယ္။
6.y နဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့ Verb ေတြမွာေတာ့ y ကုိ iေျပာင္းျပီးed ေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။
Carried, hurried, buried, cried, merried,
ဒါေပမယ့္ Yနဲ႕ဆုံးေပမယ့္ yေရွ႕မွာ vowel ရွိရင္ေတာ့ y ကုိ iေျပာင္းစရာမလုိဘဲ edေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။ ဥပမာ- enjoyed.
2. c နဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့ verb ဆုိရင္ေတာ့ c ကုိ k ေျပာင္းျပီး ed ေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။
Mimicked, frolicked, trafficked, picnicked
Exercise
Read the following paragraph and rewrite it with past simple forms.
I usually wake up at six thirty and I usually get up at around 7 o’clock. Then, I do some physical exercise for about fifteen minutes. After that, I go to the bathroom, I brush my teeth, wash my face and take my shower. After my shower, I go back my room and get dressed. And then I go to the kitchen and have breakfast with my family. I usually have a light breakfast including toast and coffee. Then I go to the toilet. Before going to school or work, I pay homage to the Buddha and say prayer. At seven thirty I leave for school. I generally take the bus to school. I catch the bus near my house and then walk from the bus stop to school. It takes about thirty minutes to get from my home to school. My first class is at eight thirty and I usually finish school at three.I usually reach home at around four o’clock. When I get home, I like to watch TV for a while .Then I start my homework. I have dinner at seven o’clock. After that I often have more homework to do. Sometimes I watch TV or go out with friends after dinner. I generally go to bed around ten thirty.
6.Past continuous tense
Past continuous tense ကုိအျမဲတမ္း past simple နဲ႕တြဲသုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ past continuous tense ကအခ်ိန္ပုိၾကာတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊ ေနာက္ခံ background လုပ္ရပ္ကုိရည္ညႊ႔န္းျပီး past simple ကေတာ့ အခ်ိန္တုိျပီး completed actions=ျပီးျပည့္စုံတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိ ရည္ညႊန္းပါတယ္။
The children were playing in the garden when their grandparents arrived. While I was walking on the road, I saw my old friend.
1.To express an interrupted action= ၾကားျဖတ္ခံရတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပဖုိ႕ရန္၊
When he walked in, I was watching Chinese movie on TV. When the phone rang, I was having a shower. While we were playing tennis, it started to rain.
2.To express a repeated or continuous activities in the particular time of the past = အတိက္တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မွာ ဆက္တုိက္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
I was making many new friends at the English class. At 7o’clock I was having my breakfast.
I walked past your house last night. There was an awful lot of noise. What were you doing?
3. For descriptions= အေသးစိပ္ေဖာ္ျပမွဳအတြက္၊
Mya Mya looked beautiful. She was wearing a green cotton dress. Her eyes were shining in the light of the candles that were burning nearby.
4. To express an incomplete activity in the past in order to contrast with the past simple that expresses a completed activity.= ျပီးျပည့္စုံတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပေသာ past simple ရဲ့ ဆန္႕က်င္ဘက္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပဖုိ႕ရန္အတြက္ အတိက္ရဲ့ မျပီးေသးတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပရာမွာသုံး၊
I was reading a book during the flight.( I didn’t fihished it.)
I watched a film during the flight.( the whole film)
Note
The past simple is usually used to express a repeated past habit or situation. But the past continuous can be used if the repeated habit becomes a longer setting for something. Compare:
I went out with MgMg for ten years.
I first met Harry while I was going out with Jack.
Past simple or past continuous?
1.Sometimes we can use the past simple or the past continuous. The past simple focues on past actions as simple facts. The past continuous focues on the duration of past situations and activities. Compare:
a. I didn’t see you at the party last night.
b. No. I stayed at home and watched football.
a. I didn’t se you at the party last night.
b. No, I was watching football at home.
2.Questions in the past simple and past continuous refer to different time periods: the past continuous asks about activities before: the Past simple asks about what happened after.
When the war broke out, Peter was studying medicine at medical school.
He decided that it was safer to go home to his parents and postpone his studies.
What was Peter doing when the war broke out? He was studying.
What did Peter do when the war broke out? He went home to his parents.
Exercise
Write sentences about what you were doing at these times with the past continuous form.
1. (at 7 o’clock yesterday evening) I ………….
2. (at 8o’clock last Monday) I ………….
3. (at 10.30 yesterday afternoon) I ………….
4. (at 4o’clock this morning) I ………….
5. (half an hour ago) I ………….
Use your won ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
1. Su Su phoned while we ………….
2. The door bell rang while I…………
3. We saw an accident while we………
4. Pa Pa fell asleep while she………….
5.The television was on, but nobody……….
Read the student’s response and choose correct verb form.
I remember a trip I once made/ was making to my grandmother’s house. She would live/ used to live or lived about 30 kilometres away from us and we used to going/ used to go there quite often with our mother. On this occasion we set off/wer setting off to my grandmother’s after school on a cold winter’s day. When we were about to leve we were noticing/ noticed that some snow was beginning to fall, and as we were driving /drove along we were realizing/ realized that it snowed/snowing more and more heavily. Suddenly we had to brake hard as the car in front stopped suddenly. We were skidding/skidded and went of/were going off the road into ditch! It was pretty scary, but we were lucky and none of us were hurt. We got uot of the car, and my mother was phoning/phoned for help on her mobile phone. While we were waiting/waited for help it was stopping/ stopped snowing and we were singing/sang lots of songs to keep ourselves cheerful. Eventually the truck was coming/ came and pulled our car out of the ditch. The car wan’t badly damaged, but we were deciding/ decided to turn round and go home. We didn’t manage to see our grandmother that day, but it was so frightening that I will never forget it.
7.Past perfect tense
1.A past action that occurred before another action in the past = အတိက္မွာ ျဖစ္ရပ္ႏွစ္ခုအနက္ အရင္ျဖစ္တဲ့ ျဖစ္ရပ္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
I had just left when I arrived there. When I got home,I found that someone had broken into my apartment and had stolen my DVD player, so I called the police. I didn’t want to go to the theatre with friends because I had seen the play before.
Notice the difference between the following sentences:
When I got to the party, Peter went home.(= first I arrived, then peter left.)
When I got to the party, peter had gone home.( first Peter left, then I arrived.)
2. An action that was expected to occur in the past = အတိက္မွာ ျဖစ္ဖုိ႕ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ထားခဲ့တဲ့လုပ
I had hoped to get their decision before today. I had expected to take exam.
8. Past perfect continuous tense
1.Expressing the duration of an activity that occurred before another action in the past= အတိက္မွာ တစ္ျခားလုပ္ရပ္ မျဖစ္ခင္ ျဖစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္တစ္ခုရဲ ကာလကုိေဖာ္ျပရန္၊
She had been competing for six years before she tried out for the Olympics last years.
2. An action occurring recently before another action in the past = အတိက္မွာ တစ္ျခားလုပ္ရပ္မျဖစ္ခင္ မၾကာေသမီးက ျဖစ္တဲ့လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပ၊
He looked tired because he had been running for six hours. I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with the past simple, past perfect or past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.
Last year my friends arranged for us to fire-walking, which is when you walk on hot coals. I………..(always/be) fascinated by it and I ……….(hear) people say it was an unforgettable experience. I was very excited when I……(arrive) on the day, although beforehand I ………(feel) a little frightened! My friends and I ………(come) in the hope that by the end of the day we would be able to say we……..(walk) across hot, burning coals.
Our teacher was very good and by teatime we ………..(learnt) a great deal and ………(prepare) the fires. I ……..(expect) to be terriried when the time came to walk, but as I ………(take off) my shoes and socks I ………( not/feel) afraid. I ……(approach) the coals as all my friends before me………..(do) ,and started waling! I could feel the heat, but as I (step) back onto the grass at the other end I knew the coals ……..(not/burn) my feet at all. As I …….(hope) , all my friends ……..(manage) the walk and none of us were burnt. The whole experience was amazing, and I just wished I ……(do) it sooner.
Fill in the gaps with a verb from the box in the past simple, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous tense. Use each verb once.
Be buy decide develop discuss feel like make
phone run start stay visit wait work
1. She ………….as a waitress for five years when he met her.
2. The lecture………by the time they got there.
3. In the supermarket he …………all the ingredients he needed and then went home to make her birthday cake.
4. Holly did very well in her exam, which was a shock because she ………(never) an exam before.
5. They went on a big tour of Britain. First they ……….in London for a few days. Then they ……Cambridge, Youk, and Edinburgh, and then Bath. They ……..to Bath before, but they …………..it so much that they………….to go back again.
6. Scientists announced the launch of the new dreg last week. They …….it for five years.
7. By the time I got to the meeting they……..(already) the important issurs and they……..the big decisions without me. I ……….from my mobile to tell tem the train was late and I …..annoyed that they ……(not ) for me.
8. I looked terrible when I saw Joe last night because I ……….for over an hour and I was exhausted.
9. Simple future tense
1.Predicting something that is likely happen in the future = အနာဂတ္မွာ ျဖစ္နုိင္တဲ့တစ္ခုခုကုိ ၾကဳိတင္ ခန္းမွန္းခ်က္ထုတ္တဲ့အခါမွာသုံး
You will win the race. I think he will pass the final exam.
2.Expressing willingness to something = ဆႏၵကုိထုတ္ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး ၊
I will go with you if you like.
3.Making a decision at the time of speaking = စကားေျပာေနတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ တစ္ခုခုလုပ္ဖုိ႕ ဆုံးျဖတ္တဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
I will call you in a few minutes then. Oh! I have left the door open. I will go and shut it. I will have an orange juice. I forgot. I will phone her now.
4.Expressing uncertain future= မေသျခာတဲ့အနာဂတ္အတြက္သုံး၊
I will probably be home late evening.
I haven’t seen kyaw Kyaw today. I expect he will phone this evening.
Don’t worry about the exam. I am sure you will pass. Do you think Su Su will like the present we bought her. I don’t think the exam will be difficult. I wonder what will happen.
Near future or certain future forms
အဂၤလိပ္မွာ လုပ္ဖုိ႕ျဖစ္ဖုိ႕ ေသျခားတဲ့ နီးကပ္တဲ့ အနာဂတ္အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြဆုိရင္ shall , will နဲ႕မသုံးပါဘူး။ သူတုိ႕အစား ေအာက္မွာျပမယ့္ pattern ေတြနဲ႕သုံးပါတယ္။
Be + going to = My brother is going to go abroad next week. How long are you going to stay?
Be + ing = I am leaving soon. It is raining. I am going. We are going to invite a lot of people.
Be+ about to = He is about to die. She is about to fall down.
Be+ to +V1 = She is to attend computer course. I am to learn English 4-skills.
Exercise
Put the following sentence into the Future by changing the verbs into the present continuous making any changes that are necessary.
1. We started a new lesson last week. 2. He came to see me about his son. 3. I sat for the examination last week. 4. I met him at the air-port at 4:30p.m. 5. The boys went for a swim in the new pool. 6. Uncle took us to the Zoo yesterday. 7. We had fish for dinner last night. 8. The teacher gave us a test on Monday. 9. When did they open the new restaurant? 10. He help me with my homework after lunch.
Underline the most suitable form of the verbs.
Dear Paul and Claire,
We’re having a wonderful time here in France. The weather is beautiful and we’ve got lots of plans for how to spend the next couple of weeks. Tomorrow 1we’re going out/we will go out on a glass-bottomed boat to look at the wonderful sea life, and then on Wednesday we think 2we’re taking/we’ll take a tour of the old town. Ollie’s unit lives close, so 3we’re visiting/we’re going to visit her too if we have time.
The hotel is lovely and lively and has lots of good night life. Tonight 4 they’re holding /they‘ll hold an international evening, with lots of food from different countries.
As you know, we’re here with our friends, John and Wendy, but 5 of they aren’t staying/they won’t stay as long as us, so 6 we’re probably doing/ we’ll probably do the really ‘touristy’ things with them, and be lazy in our second week. You can hire small sailing boats for the day, so we think 7 we’re doing/we’re going to do that next week, and 8 we’re also going to try/we’re also trying to have time to do some shopping!
I hope you are ready for your big trip. 9 You love/You’ll love Australia. In fact 10 you’re going to probably end up/you’ll probably end up staying there and much longer than you’re planned.
Have a great time, and 11 we’re going to see/we’ll see you when you get back.
Love Kath and Ollie
10. Future continuous tense
An action that will be continuing at a particular time in the future= အနာဂတ္တိက်တဲ့ တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္မွာ ဆက္တုိက္ျဖစ္ေနလိမ့္မယ့္ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
This time next week I will be training for the race. I will be watching the football match at 3 o’clock. This time next month I will be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea.
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences in the future continuous form.
1. Are you going to stay here for long?
2. I will write to my mother after lunch.
3. He will give a lecture at ten tomorrow.
4. We are having ice-cream after dinner.
5. She will wash the clothes in the afternoon.
6. Are you using your computer this afternoon?
7. I will see a lot of him during the holidays.
8. She will teach English to the seventeenth standard next term.
9. He is going to use my car this afternoon.
10. We are going to play the Yanong F.C team tomorrow.
11. Future perfect tense
An action that will be completed before a particular time in the future= အနာဂတ္တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မတုိင္မီ ျပီးျပည့္စုံသြားတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္အတြက္သုံး၊
By next June I will have participated in four Olympics. Next year they will have been married for 25 years. We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.
Exercise
Put the verbs in the brackets into the future perfect tense.
1. By one o’clock I (finish) my work.
2. By the time you reach the cinema the show(start).
3. In 1068 Burma (be) independent for twenty years.
4. By the end of this year I (complete) this book.
5. After three years of constant practice you (learn) how to speak English well.
6. The plane (leave) by the time you reach the air-port.
7. The party (end) long before you return.
8. The children (grow) big by the time their father returns from active duty.
9. By this time next month the building (complete)
10. The match (end) by six o’clock.
12. Future perfect continuous tense
Expressing the duration of time that has occurred before a specific time in the future=အနာဂတ္တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိ္န္မတုိင္မီ ျဖစ္ျပီးသြားခဲ့တဲ့ အခိ်န္ကာလ အေတာအတြင္းကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
By next May I will have been training at this Gym for 10 years. By next month I will have been studying English for 15 years. By this time next week he will have been approaching her for 3 years.
Exercise
Put the verb into the correct form, wil be +Ving or will + have V3
1. Don’t phone between 7and 8. We………. (have) dinner then.
2. Phone me after 8o’clock. We………. (finish) dinner by then.
3. Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3o’clock until 4.30. So at 4o’clock, we….. (Play) tennis.
4. Can we meet tomorrow? Yes, but not in the afternoon. I ……..(work)
5. Do you think you…… (still/do) the same job in then years’ time?
6. When their son was born, they ……..(married) for three years.
7. We’re late. The film ……….. (already/start) by the time we get to the cinema.
8. Later in the programme, I ……. (talk) to the Minister of Education.
Fill in the gaps with future form in the brack.
Teacher: What ………. (you/do) this time next year?
Student1: Well, that’s difficult to say but I hope that I …….. (travel) round the world. Before then I ……… (hopefully/save up) enough money for the ticket. I plan to end up in Australia and when I …….(get) there, I’ll get a job and earn some money. So, in a year’s time I………. (probably/travel) for a few months already. I hope that I ……… (visit) quite a lot of difficult countries by then too.
Teacher: What do you plan to do when you graduated?
Student 2: Well, my plans have changed a bit. I …..(do) a journalism course, but I didn’t get accepted. So I’ve sorted something else out and I ……… (start) a hospitality course tomorrow, actually. It’s for six months, so I ………(not/finish) in time to go travelling next spring, unfortunately. However, as soon as I …….(find out) if I’ve passed the course, I can apply for a job in a hotel in Australia.
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1. Present Simple tense
A. A fact that is always true= အျမဲတမ္းမွန္ေနတဲ့ အရာ၊
Universal truth = The sun rises in the east.
General truth = Honesty is the best policy.
Historical truth = King Okkalapa builds the Shwedagone Pagoda.
Chemical truth = Water combines with Hydrogen and Oxygen.
Geographical truth = Ozone layer is above the sky.
Quotation = Shakespeare says, “Faithful friends are hard to find”.
B. A habitual action of regularity or routine =ထပ္တလဲလဲျဖစ္ေလ့ျဖစ္ထရွိတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
I run every morning. I go to work by car. She drinks ten cups of coffee a day. I wash my hair twice a week.
C. Present moment action = လက္ရွိလုပ္ရပ္၊
She sews a cloth. He does not work in a bank. They live in a flat near the centre of town.
D. Imperative mood =အမိန္႕ေပး၊ေစခုိင္း၊ တုိက္တြန္း၀ါက်၊
Come here. Do your homework. Open the door please. Don’t get up early.
E. Exclamatory sentence = အာေမဋိတ္ (သုိ႕မဟုတ္) အံၾသ၀ါက်၊
Here comes water! What a good book it is! What a beautiful girl she is!
F. Future timetable = အခ်ိန္ဇယား၊
The ticket office opens at 9:00. am. The train leaves at 4 pm.
Spelling of verb +s
Present simple နဲ႕ပက္သက္ျပီး verb form အမ်ားကေန အနည္းေျပာင္းတာ သိထားရမယ္။
1.ၾကိယာအမ်ားစုကေတာ့ မူလၾကယာကုိ ‘s’ ဆက္လုိက္ရင္ အနည္းကိန္းျဖစ္သြားတယ္။
Wants,eats,helps, drives
2.s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, နဲ႕ ဆုံးတဲ့ verb form ေတြဆုိရင္ေတာ့ ‘es’ ဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Kisses, washes, watches, fixes, goes,
3.Y နဲ႕ ဆုံျပီး Y ေရွ႕မွာ consonant ရွိတဲ့ verb form ေတြဆုိရင္ေတာ့ Yကုိ I ေျပာင္းျပီး es ေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။
Carries, flies, worries, tries
4.O,Y နဲ႕ ဆုံးေပမယ့္ သူတုိ႕ရဲ့အေရွ႕မွာ vowel ရွိေနရင္ေတာ့ ‘s’ ပဲဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Buys, says, plays, enjoys
Pronunciation of –S at the end of a word
စကားလုံးေနာက္မွာ(s,es)ဆက္တဲ့အခ
1.စကားလုံးတစ္လုံးက စ၊ ဇ၊ ရွ၊ ခ်၊ ဂ် သံေတြနဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့အခါ ေနာက္ဆုံး s ကုိ iz (အစ္ဇ္) အသံထြက္ရမယ္။
Misses, washes, manages, buses, dishes, badges, chooses, watches, sizes, matches,
2.စကားလုံးတစ္လုံးက ပ္၊ ထ္၊ ခ္၊ ဖ္၊ သ္ အသံနဲ႕ ဆုံးတဲ့အခါ ေနာက္ဆုံး s ကုိ s (စ္) သံထြက္ပါ။
stops, attacks, maths, ships, bricks, hits, laughs, pets, coughs
3.စကားလုံး တစ္လုံးက ဘ္၊ ဒ္၊ ဂ္၊ ဗ္၊ ႆ္၊ လ္၊ မ္၊ န္၊ င္ အသံ (သုိ႕မဟုတ္) သရသံနဲ တဲ့အခါ ေနာက္ဆုံး s ကုိ Z (ဇ္) အသံထြက္ရပါတယ္။
Stabs, breathes, goes, hands, hills, news, bags, trams, wears, leaves, earns, songs
Adverbs of frequency
1.ကၽြနု္ပ္တုိ႕ဟာ မၾကာခဏဆုိသလုိ adverbs of frequency = အၾကိမ္ျပ ၾကိယာ၀ိေ၀သန ေတြကုိ present simple နဲ႕ တြဲသုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ သူတုိ႕ရဲ့ degree-အဆင့္အတန္းကုိ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။
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Never rarely not often sometimes often usually always
2..Adverbs of frequency ေတြကုိ ၀ါက်ထဲမွာ ေရးတဲ့အခါ Main verb ရဲ့အေရွ႕မွာ ထားရတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္
Main verb က verb to be ျဖစ္ရင္ေတာ့ be ၾကိယာရဲ့ အေနာက္မွာထားရတယ္။
I usually start school at 9.00. They are usually in a hurry in the morning.
She doesn’t often go to bed late. I am not often late for school.
She never eats meat. He is never late.
I rarely see Peter these days. We are rarely at home at the weekends.
3.sometimes နဲ႕ usually ကေတာ့ ၀ါက်ရဲ့ အစနဲ႕ အဆုံးမွာလည္းေရးနုိင္ပါတယ္။
Sometimes we play cards. We play cards sometimes.
Usually I go shopping with friends. I go shopping with friends usually.
ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႕ Never, always, rarely, seldom တုိ႕ကုိေတာ့ ေရွ႕ထားေနာက္ထား ေျပာင္းလုိ႕မရဘူး။ ေရွ႕မွာ ထားေရးရင္ ရနုိင္ေပမယ့္ ေနာက္လာမယ့္အခန္းေတြမွာ ျပမယ့္ inversion သေဘာကုိ နားလည္မွ ၀ါက်မွန္ေအာင္ ေရးနုိင္ပါမယ္။
Not- Never I go to the movies. Always I have tea in the morning.
4.every day စတာေတြကေတာ့ ၀ါက်ရဲ့ အဆုံးမွာ ထားေရးတာ ပုိေကာင္းတယ္။
He phones me every night.
Exercise
Fill in the blank spaces with the third person singular form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. KyawKyaw (speak) English very well.
2. Mr. Kan (come) to school on his motorbike.
3. My neighbor’s dog (bark) very loudly.
4. My little brother always (brush) his teeth properly.
5. Dad is so tall that his head almost (touch) the ceiling.
6. Our dog (catch) the ball in its teeth.
7. Mom (mix) vinegar and oil to make salad dressing.
8. Sally (try) not to disturb her brother when he’s reading.
9. Dad (buy) his newspaper from the store on the corner.
10. Her music (annoy) me when I’m doing my homework
Rewrite the following sentences with the correct verb forms.
1. Moe Moe speak English very well.
2. He don’t often drinks coffee.
3.The swmming pool open at 7 pm every morinng.
4. Bad driving make many accidents.
5.The Olympic Games takes place every four years.
6.The Panama Cannal connect the Atlantic and Pacicic oceans.
7.The earth go round the sun.
8. Rice don’t grow in Britain.
9. The sun rise in the east.
10.Bees makes honey.
11.Vegetarians doesn’t eats meat.
12. An atheist don’t believes in God.
13. An interpreter translate from one language into another.
14. Lairs are people who doesn’t tell the truth.
15. The river Amazon flow into the Atlantic Ocean.
2.Present continuous tense
A.An activity that is happening now = အခုေလာေလာဆယ္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့လုပ္ရပ္၊
PaPa is watching TV right now. Don’t turn the TV off. I am watching it. You can’t speak to MoeMoe. She is having a bath.
B.A general activity that take place this week, this month, or this year = ဒီအပတ္၊ဒီလ၊ဒီႏွစ္အတြင္း ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
I am training for the intensive English course. I am learning English 4-skills this month.
Don’t take that book. He is reading it. Be silent. I am reading a book. Look! Our teacher is singing a sound.
C. A temporary activity= ယာယီလုပ္ရပ္၊
SuSu is a student, but she is working as a waiter during the holidays.
I am living with friends until I find a place of my won. Our government is implementing many roads and dams.
D. A planned Future arrangement or near future= စီစဥ္ျပီး သားအနာဂတ္၊
I am going to Singapore next month. We are having dinner with our aunt next week.
I am meeting at 1.00 outside the restaurant.
E.Changing situation = အျမဲတမ္းေျပာင္းလွဲေနတဲ့ ျဖစ္ရပ္၊
The population of the world is increasing very fast these days. Monthly expense in my house is going up and down. The exchange rate of dollar is decreasing now.
Spelling of verb + ing (Form V1 to V-ing)
Present continuous နဲ႕ပက္သက္ရင္ မူလ ၾကိယာေတြကုိ ing ဆက္နည္း(သုိ႕မဟုတ္) present participle လုပ္နည္းကိုလည္း သိထားရမယ္။
1.အမ်ားစုကေတာ့ မူလၾကိယာ base form မွာ ing ဆက္ရုံပါဘဲ။
Wearing, visiting, eating, learning, sleeping,
2.ထူးျခားတာေလးေတြ ေျပာရမယ္ဆုိရင္ စကားလုံးရဲ့အဆုံးမွာ consonant ႏွစ္လုံးဆုံးတဲ့အခါ၊ consonant တစ္လုံးပဲ ဆုံးေပမယ့္ သူ႕အေရွ႕မွာ vowel ႏွစ္လုံးရွိေနတဲ့အခါ ing ပဲဆက္ရပါတယ္။
Send, work, hold, watch, catch, patch+ing
Clean, feel, boil, wear, cook, look, book+ing
3. Vowel တစ္လုံး consonant တစ္လုံး ဆုံးေနရင္ေတာ့ အဆုံးက consonantကုိ ႏွစ္ဆျပဳျပီး ing ဆက္ရပါတယ္။
Run>running, sit> sitting, set> setting
Concur> concurring, refer> referring, begin> beginning, forget> forgetting
Travel>travelling, fufil> fulfilling, but
ျခြင္းခ်က္ကေတာ့ vowel တစ္လုံး consonant တစ္လုံး ဆုံးေပမယ့္ စကားလုံးမွာ stress= ဖိသံ မရွိတဲ့အခါမ်ဳိးမွာ ႏွစ္ျပဳစရာမလုိပါဘူး။ ဥပမာ-
C+v+c> ing
Cover>covering, edit> editing, open>opening ,parallel>paralleling
4.c နဲ႕ဆုံး တဲ့စကားလုံးေတြဆုိရင္ေတာ့ အဆုံးမွာ k ေလးကပ္ျပီး ing ဆက္ရပါတယ္။
Picnic> picnicking, frolic> frolicking, mimic> mimicking, traffic>trafficking
5.i, ee, o, oe, w, x, y နဲ႕ဆုံရင္း ing သာဆက္ရတယ္။
Skill> skilling, flee, go, hoe, shoe, grow, fix, play
6.e နဲ႕ဆုံးရင္ e ျဖဳတ္ျပီး ing ဆက္ရတယ္။
Come> coming, save, live, write, make, take, have, bite, use,
ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႕ e ေရွ႕မွာ yရွိရင္ေတာ့ ing သာေရးရတယ္။
Eye> eying, dye>dying
7.ie ဆုံးရင္ေတာ့ y ဗ်ည္းသုံးျပီး ing ဆက္ရတယ္။
Die> dying, lie> lying
State verbs
Present continuous နဲ႕ပက္သက္ျပီး state verbs အသုံးဆုိတာရွိတယ္။ state verbs ဆုိတာကေတာ့ present simple သာသုံးရတဲ့ verb အုပ္စု ကုိေျပာတာပါ။ အေၾကာင္းကေတာ့ ဒီverb ေတြဟာ လုပ္ရပ္သေဘာနဲ႕ မပက္သက္ဘဲ မွန္ကန္တဲ့အခ်က္ သုိ႕မဟုတ္ အေျခအေနေတြနဲ႕ ဆက္စပ္ေနလုိ႕ပါ။ ဒီ verb ေတြကေတာ့-
Verbs of thinking and opinions
Believe think understand suppose expect
Agree doubt know remember forget
Mean imagine realize deserve prefer
I believe you. Do you understand? I know his face, but I forget his name.
Verb of emotions and feelings
Like love hate care hope wish want admit
I like black coffee. Do you want to go out? I don’t care.
Verb of having and being
Belong own have possess contain cost seem appear
Need depend on weigh come from resemble
This book belongs to Jane.
How much does it cost?
He has a lot of money.
Verbs of the senses
Look hear taste smell feel
The food smells good. We often use can when the subject is a person.
Can you smell something burning? I can hear someone crying.
အထက္မွာ ျပခဲ့တဲ့ verb ေတြထဲက တစ္ခ်ဳိ႕ကုိ present continuous အေနနဲ႕ သုံးတာရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဓိပၸာယ္ကေတာ့ ေျပာင္းသြားပါတယ္။ continuous မွာ သုံးတဲ့ verb က activity ကုိေဖာ္ျပပါတယ္။
I think you are right. (Opinion)
We are thinking of going to the cinema (mental activity)
He has a lot of money.(possession)
She is having a bad day.( activity)
I see what you mean. (understand)
Are you seeing Nigle tomorrow?(activity)
The soup tastes awful. (state)
I’m tasting the soup to see if it needs salt. (activity)
Exercise
Put the verb onto the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative form.
1. Please don’t make so much noise. I …… (try) to work.
2. Let’s go out now. It ………(rain) any more.
3. You can turn off the radio. I ………..(listen) to it.
4. Kate phoned me last night. She’s on holiday in France. She……..(have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back.
5. I want to lose weight, so this week I …………(eat) lunch.
6. The population of the world ……….(increase) very fast.
7. The world……………..(change)
8. The situation is already bad and it………(get) worse.
9. The cost of living ……………(rise). Every year things are more expensive.
10. The weather……(begin) to improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn’t as strong.
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I’m busy right now. I……(fill in ) an application form for a new job. 2. My tutor…….(see) me for a tutorial every Monday at two o’clock. 3. John……..(not/study) very hard at the moment. 4. I ……….(not/ think) he’ll pass his exams. 5. ‘What……(he/do)? ‘He ……(try) to fix the television aerial. 6. Animals ……..(breath in) oxygen and ……..(give out) carbon dioxide. 7. Be quiet! I …….(want) to hear the news. 8. In my country we……..(drive) on the right-hand side of this summer, and probably won’t be back for a couple of months. 9. The college ……(run) the same sourse every year.10. Numbers of wild butterflies………(fall) as a result of changes in farming methods.
Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the box in the correct present tense.
Agree catch up cause have go up know think use
We 1…….energy for three main things: electricity production, heating and transport. For the first two, we 2…… options such as solar and wind power, or natural gas. But oil is still the world’s number one source of energy, and for transport at last, there is currently no alternative. In Chin a, domestic energy consumption 3……..year by year and demand in similar regions 4………fast. We 5………how to use energy more efficiently now than in the past but the worldwide rise in demand 6……….concern amongst experts. Some experts 7………that oil supplies will start to fall within the next twenty years. Most experts 8……….that we need to find a new source of energy soon.
3.Present perfect tense
Present perfect အသုံးမ်ဳိးက ဥေရာပ ဘာသာစကား မ်ားမွာလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဂၤလိပ္မွာ သုံးတဲ့ အသုံးကေတာ့ ကြဲျပားပါတယ္။ အဂၤလိပ္မွာpresent perfect ဆုိတာ တကယ္ေတာ့ present tense ပါဘဲ။ ဒါေပမယ့္ လည္း ဒီ tense က present နဲ႕ ပက္သက္တဲ့ past actions ေတြကုိ ထုတ္ျပတာပါ။ present perfect ဆုိတာ ‘ before now’ အခုမတုိင္းခင္ ကုိေျပာတာပါ။ တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္ ပါရင္ေတာ့ past simple ကုိ သုံးရတယ္။ ဥပမာ-
In my life, I have travelled to all seven continents.
I travelled around Africa in 1998.
Present perfect ကုိေတာ့
1. An action that began in the past and still continues (unfinished past)= အတိက္ကစခဲ့ျပီး အခုထိေအာင္ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ အရာ၊
We have lived in the same house for 25 years.
I have worked as a teacher since 2002.
How long have you known each other?
They have been married for 20 years.
She has studied English for two years.
Note
Many languages express this idea with a present tense, but in English this is wrong.
I have been a teacher for ten years. NOT I am a teacher for ten years.
ေအာက္ပါ Time expression ေတြကုိ ဒီ tense နဲ႕တြဲသုံးတယ္။
For+ two years, a month, a few minutes, half an hour, ages
Since+ 1970, the end of the class, August, o’clock, Christmas
We use for with a period of time and since with a point in time.
2. An experience that happened at some time in one’s life. The action is in the past and finished, but the effects of the action are still felt. When the action happened is not important.=ဘ၀ရဲ့ တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္မွာ ေတြ႕ၾကဳံခဲ့တဲ့ အေတြ႕အၾကဳံတစ္ခု ဟာ အတိက္မွာ ျပီးသြားခဲ့ေပမယ့္ ၄င္းရဲ့ အေတြ႕အၾကဳံက အခုထိ ခံစားေနရတုန္းဆုိရင္၊ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကလည္းဘာမွ အေရးမၾကီးဘူးဆုိုရင္ သုံးတယ္။
I have been to the United States.( I still remenber)
She has written poetry and children’s stories.( in her writing career)
Have you ever had an operation?( at any time in your life up to now)
How many times has he been married?( in his life)
Have you ever been to Australia?
I have never tried bungee jumping.
I haven’t tried sushi before.
3.a past action that has a present result. The action is usually in the recent past.= မၾကားေသးမီး ကျပီးသြားတဲ့အတိက္ရဲ့ အက်ဳိးဆက္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါသုံးတယ္။ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ‘lately, recently, just, already, still, so far, yet, စကားလုံးေတြနဲ႕ တြဲသုံးတယ္။
She has just gone out.
We have already had lunch.
The taxi hasn’t arrived yet.( we’re still waiting for it.)
What have you done to your lip? (it’s bleeding.)
We often announce news in the Present Perfect because the speaker is emphasizing the event as a present fact.
Have you heard? The Prime Minister has resigned. Susan’s had her baby!
I have ruined the meal.
4.An action that happened at an unspecified time in the past = အတိတ္မတိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မွာ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့လုပ္ရပ္၊
I have seen him on television. I have met him before.
5.Repetition for an action before now= အခုမတုိင္မီ ထပ္တလဲလဲျဖစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ frequently, many times, often, repeatedly, over and over, again and again, from time to time, sometimes, several times, once, twice, three times, four times စကားလုံးေတြနဲ႕တြဲသုံးတယ္။
I have been to Bagan several times. She has read this book over and over.
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentence with the present perfect forms.
1.Tom loose his key.
2.The bus fare goes up.
3. My english improves.
4.The letter arrives.
5. Do you just arrive.
6. I already send it.
7. Does it stop raining yet?
8. I have written the letter, but I don’t send it yet.
9. Do you ever ride a house.
10. I don’t see him today.
11. I don’t read a newspaper today.
12. Do you drive a car before?
Fill in the gaps with the correct verb forms.
How long 1………(you/live) here? I 2……(live) in London for the past three years. I come form Japan originally. I 3……..(stay) at a college here since I arrived 4. ……..(you/do) any travelling over the past three years? I 5………(travel) all over Europe. I especially liked Spain. What is the most interesting thing you 6………(do) recently? Well, I 7………(start) to play tennis, and I 8…….(take) singing lessons for a few months now too. How do you think english will be useful in your life? I 9……(do) a Hospitality and Tourism course over here, so I need english for my studies and my job. I always 10……(want) to work in the tourist industry because I 11 ….always (be) interested in history and cultural sites, and I always 12……(work) as a tour guide in my home town.
4.Present perfect continuous tense
1. An action that began in the past and is continuing now. =အတိက္ကစခဲ့တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္တစ္ခု အခုထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနေသးတယ္ဆုိရင္သုံးတယ္။
KoKo has been swimming for two hours.
I have been studying English for ten years.
How long have you been working here?
I have been thinking about going abroad next year.
2. A past activity that has caused a present result= present result ကုိ ျဖစ္ေစတဲ့ အတိက္ရဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္
Have you been crying? (Your eyes are red now.)
I have been working all day.( I’m tired now.)
Look out of the window! It’s been snowing!
I have been writing this book for two years.
I am covered in paint because I have been decorating the bathroom.
တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ Perfect simpleနဲ႕ perfect continuous မကြဲျပားပါဘူး။ ဥပမာ-
I have played or I have been playing the piano since I was a boy.
ဒါေပမယ့္ အဂၤလိပ္လူမ်ဳိးေတြက continuous ျဖစ္နုိင္မယ့္ေနရာမွာဆုိရင္ေတာ့
I have been living in this house for the past few months.( temporary)
I have lived here all my life. (permanent)
ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႕ Present continuous တုန္းကေဖာ္ျပခဲ့တဲ့ state verb ေတြကုိေတာ့ perfect continuous အေနနဲ႕ မသုံးပါဘူး။
I have had this book for ages.
I have always love sunny days.
Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous?
1. The simple expresses a completed action.= Perfect simple က ျပီးျပည့္စုံတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္သေဘာကုိ ျပတယ္။
I have painted this kitchen, and now I am doing the bathroom.
The continuous expressed an activity over a period and things that happened during the activity. =Perfect continuous က ကာလတစ္ေလွ်ာက္လုပ္ရပ္နဲ႕ ထုိလုပ္ရပ္အတြင္း ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့ အရာေတြကုိ ေဖာ္ျပပါတယ္။
I have got paint in my hair because I have been decorating.
I have been reading all day. I have read ten chapters.
She has been eating ever since she arrived. She has eaten ten biscuits already.
2. Some verbs such as find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop, don’t have the idea of a long time. These verbs are more usually found in the simple. = find, start, buy စတဲ့ ၾကိယာေတြမွာ long time idea မရွိပါဘူး။
Some verbs such as wait, work, play, try, learn, rain, have the idea of a long time and these verbs are often found in the continouos.= wait, work,play စတဲ့ ၾကိယာေတြမွာေတာ့ long time idea ရွိျပီး perfect continuous မွာ မၾကာမၾကာေတြ႕ရတတ္ပါတယ္။
I have cut my finger.( one short action)
I have been cutting firewood.( perfects over several hours.)
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences giving the correct form of the verbs in bracket. Use either the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
1.He ( live) in Myanmar three years now, but still he can’t speak the language.
2. My brother (go) to Nagpali for a holiday: I never (be) there.
3. The life guards (not find) the body yet: they (search) the lake since the accident.
4. That rock(stand) there for centuries: no one knows how it got up that hill.
5. He (not speak) to anybody, he (study) all morning.
6. I (not hear) from my friend since he left Yangon six months ago.
7. Father (not find) his cigarette lighter, he (look) for it all morning.
8. The examination results (not publish) as yet they should ( publish) yesterday.
9. The police (not find) the murderer although they (search) for the past two weeks.
10. Mother (not eat) well lately, she seems to have lost all taste for food.
5.Simple past tense
1. A finished action in the past.= အတိက္မွာျဖစ္ အတိက္မွာပ်က္သြားတဲ့လုပ္ရပ္၊
I won a gold medal last year. We met in 2009. He went to Manchester last month.
Hla Hla left two minutes ago.
2. Actions that follow each other in a story.=ပုံျပင္ ၀တၳဳ ထဲမွာ တစ္ခုျပီး တခုျဖစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
Soe Soe walked into the room and stopped. She listened carefully. She heard a noise coming from behind the curtain. She threw the curtain open, and then she saw a thief.
3. A past situation or habit.= အတိက္အေလ့အထ၊
When I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I walked for miles on the beach with my dog. She trained every morning before work.
ဒီလုိအသုံးမ်ဳိးကုိ used to +v1 နဲ႕မၾကာခဏ ေဖာ္ျပတတ္တယ္။
We used to live in a small house. I used to walk for miles.
4. An action that occurred over a period of time and was completed in the past = အတိက္မွာ အခ်ိန္ၾကာၾကာ လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့ျပီး အတိက္မွာ ျပီး ဆုံးသြားတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
She skated for ten years. He taught English for 50 years.
Spelling of verb+ed (From V1 to V2)
1.verb အမ်ားစုကေတာ့ မူလၾကိယာ ကုိ ed ဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Worked, wanted, helped, washed
2.eနဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့ verbဆုိရင္ေတာ့ d ပဲဆက္ေပးရတယ္။
Liked, used, hated, cared,
3. verb က vowel တစ္လုံး consonant တစ္လုံးနဲ႕ဆုံးျပီး တစ္သံသာထြက္ရင္ ေနာက္ဆုံး consonant ကုိ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳျပီး ed ဆက္ရတယ္။
Stopped, planned, robbed,
But we write cooked, seated and moaned because there are two vowels.
4.consonant ကy သုိ႕မဟုတ္ w ျဖစ္ေနရင္ေတာ့ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳစရာမလုိဘူး။.
Played, showed
5.အသံႏွစ္သံထြက္တဲ့ verbေတြမွာ ဒုတိယ အသံမွာstress ရွိရင္ ေနာက္ဆုံး consonant ကုိ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳရတယ္။
Preferred, admitted
ဒါေပမယ့္ ပထမစာလုံးမွာ stress ရွိတဲ့ enter/ visit စတာေတြမွာေတာ့ ႏွစ္ဆ ျပဳစရားမလုိဘဲ entered/ visitedလု႔ိဘဲေရးရတယ္။
6.y နဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့ Verb ေတြမွာေတာ့ y ကုိ iေျပာင္းျပီးed ေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။
Carried, hurried, buried, cried, merried,
ဒါေပမယ့္ Yနဲ႕ဆုံးေပမယ့္ yေရွ႕မွာ vowel ရွိရင္ေတာ့ y ကုိ iေျပာင္းစရာမလုိဘဲ edေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။ ဥပမာ- enjoyed.
2. c နဲ႕ဆုံးတဲ့ verb ဆုိရင္ေတာ့ c ကုိ k ေျပာင္းျပီး ed ေပါင္းေပးရတယ္။
Mimicked, frolicked, trafficked, picnicked
Exercise
Read the following paragraph and rewrite it with past simple forms.
I usually wake up at six thirty and I usually get up at around 7 o’clock. Then, I do some physical exercise for about fifteen minutes. After that, I go to the bathroom, I brush my teeth, wash my face and take my shower. After my shower, I go back my room and get dressed. And then I go to the kitchen and have breakfast with my family. I usually have a light breakfast including toast and coffee. Then I go to the toilet. Before going to school or work, I pay homage to the Buddha and say prayer. At seven thirty I leave for school. I generally take the bus to school. I catch the bus near my house and then walk from the bus stop to school. It takes about thirty minutes to get from my home to school. My first class is at eight thirty and I usually finish school at three.I usually reach home at around four o’clock. When I get home, I like to watch TV for a while .Then I start my homework. I have dinner at seven o’clock. After that I often have more homework to do. Sometimes I watch TV or go out with friends after dinner. I generally go to bed around ten thirty.
6.Past continuous tense
Past continuous tense ကုိအျမဲတမ္း past simple နဲ႕တြဲသုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ past continuous tense ကအခ်ိန္ပုိၾကာတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊ ေနာက္ခံ background လုပ္ရပ္ကုိရည္ညႊ႔န္းျပီး past simple ကေတာ့ အခ်ိန္တုိျပီး completed actions=ျပီးျပည့္စုံတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိ ရည္ညႊန္းပါတယ္။
The children were playing in the garden when their grandparents arrived. While I was walking on the road, I saw my old friend.
1.To express an interrupted action= ၾကားျဖတ္ခံရတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပဖုိ႕ရန္၊
When he walked in, I was watching Chinese movie on TV. When the phone rang, I was having a shower. While we were playing tennis, it started to rain.
2.To express a repeated or continuous activities in the particular time of the past = အတိက္တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မွာ ဆက္တုိက္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္၊
I was making many new friends at the English class. At 7o’clock I was having my breakfast.
I walked past your house last night. There was an awful lot of noise. What were you doing?
3. For descriptions= အေသးစိပ္ေဖာ္ျပမွဳအတြက္၊
Mya Mya looked beautiful. She was wearing a green cotton dress. Her eyes were shining in the light of the candles that were burning nearby.
4. To express an incomplete activity in the past in order to contrast with the past simple that expresses a completed activity.= ျပီးျပည့္စုံတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပေသာ past simple ရဲ့ ဆန္႕က်င္ဘက္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပဖုိ႕ရန္အတြက္ အတိက္ရဲ့ မျပီးေသးတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပရာမွာသုံး၊
I was reading a book during the flight.( I didn’t fihished it.)
I watched a film during the flight.( the whole film)
Note
The past simple is usually used to express a repeated past habit or situation. But the past continuous can be used if the repeated habit becomes a longer setting for something. Compare:
I went out with MgMg for ten years.
I first met Harry while I was going out with Jack.
Past simple or past continuous?
1.Sometimes we can use the past simple or the past continuous. The past simple focues on past actions as simple facts. The past continuous focues on the duration of past situations and activities. Compare:
a. I didn’t see you at the party last night.
b. No. I stayed at home and watched football.
a. I didn’t se you at the party last night.
b. No, I was watching football at home.
2.Questions in the past simple and past continuous refer to different time periods: the past continuous asks about activities before: the Past simple asks about what happened after.
When the war broke out, Peter was studying medicine at medical school.
He decided that it was safer to go home to his parents and postpone his studies.
What was Peter doing when the war broke out? He was studying.
What did Peter do when the war broke out? He went home to his parents.
Exercise
Write sentences about what you were doing at these times with the past continuous form.
1. (at 7 o’clock yesterday evening) I ………….
2. (at 8o’clock last Monday) I ………….
3. (at 10.30 yesterday afternoon) I ………….
4. (at 4o’clock this morning) I ………….
5. (half an hour ago) I ………….
Use your won ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
1. Su Su phoned while we ………….
2. The door bell rang while I…………
3. We saw an accident while we………
4. Pa Pa fell asleep while she………….
5.The television was on, but nobody……….
Read the student’s response and choose correct verb form.
I remember a trip I once made/ was making to my grandmother’s house. She would live/ used to live or lived about 30 kilometres away from us and we used to going/ used to go there quite often with our mother. On this occasion we set off/wer setting off to my grandmother’s after school on a cold winter’s day. When we were about to leve we were noticing/ noticed that some snow was beginning to fall, and as we were driving /drove along we were realizing/ realized that it snowed/snowing more and more heavily. Suddenly we had to brake hard as the car in front stopped suddenly. We were skidding/skidded and went of/were going off the road into ditch! It was pretty scary, but we were lucky and none of us were hurt. We got uot of the car, and my mother was phoning/phoned for help on her mobile phone. While we were waiting/waited for help it was stopping/ stopped snowing and we were singing/sang lots of songs to keep ourselves cheerful. Eventually the truck was coming/ came and pulled our car out of the ditch. The car wan’t badly damaged, but we were deciding/ decided to turn round and go home. We didn’t manage to see our grandmother that day, but it was so frightening that I will never forget it.
7.Past perfect tense
1.A past action that occurred before another action in the past = အတိက္မွာ ျဖစ္ရပ္ႏွစ္ခုအနက္ အရင္ျဖစ္တဲ့ ျဖစ္ရပ္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
I had just left when I arrived there. When I got home,I found that someone had broken into my apartment and had stolen my DVD player, so I called the police. I didn’t want to go to the theatre with friends because I had seen the play before.
Notice the difference between the following sentences:
When I got to the party, Peter went home.(= first I arrived, then peter left.)
When I got to the party, peter had gone home.( first Peter left, then I arrived.)
2. An action that was expected to occur in the past = အတိက္မွာ ျဖစ္ဖုိ႕ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ထားခဲ့တဲ့လုပ
I had hoped to get their decision before today. I had expected to take exam.
8. Past perfect continuous tense
1.Expressing the duration of an activity that occurred before another action in the past= အတိက္မွာ တစ္ျခားလုပ္ရပ္ မျဖစ္ခင္ ျဖစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္တစ္ခုရဲ ကာလကုိေဖာ္ျပရန္၊
She had been competing for six years before she tried out for the Olympics last years.
2. An action occurring recently before another action in the past = အတိက္မွာ တစ္ျခားလုပ္ရပ္မျဖစ္ခင္ မၾကာေသမီးက ျဖစ္တဲ့လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပ၊
He looked tired because he had been running for six hours. I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with the past simple, past perfect or past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.
Last year my friends arranged for us to fire-walking, which is when you walk on hot coals. I………..(always/be) fascinated by it and I ……….(hear) people say it was an unforgettable experience. I was very excited when I……(arrive) on the day, although beforehand I ………(feel) a little frightened! My friends and I ………(come) in the hope that by the end of the day we would be able to say we……..(walk) across hot, burning coals.
Our teacher was very good and by teatime we ………..(learnt) a great deal and ………(prepare) the fires. I ……..(expect) to be terriried when the time came to walk, but as I ………(take off) my shoes and socks I ………( not/feel) afraid. I ……(approach) the coals as all my friends before me………..(do) ,and started waling! I could feel the heat, but as I (step) back onto the grass at the other end I knew the coals ……..(not/burn) my feet at all. As I …….(hope) , all my friends ……..(manage) the walk and none of us were burnt. The whole experience was amazing, and I just wished I ……(do) it sooner.
Fill in the gaps with a verb from the box in the past simple, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous tense. Use each verb once.
Be buy decide develop discuss feel like make
phone run start stay visit wait work
1. She ………….as a waitress for five years when he met her.
2. The lecture………by the time they got there.
3. In the supermarket he …………all the ingredients he needed and then went home to make her birthday cake.
4. Holly did very well in her exam, which was a shock because she ………(never) an exam before.
5. They went on a big tour of Britain. First they ……….in London for a few days. Then they ……Cambridge, Youk, and Edinburgh, and then Bath. They ……..to Bath before, but they …………..it so much that they………….to go back again.
6. Scientists announced the launch of the new dreg last week. They …….it for five years.
7. By the time I got to the meeting they……..(already) the important issurs and they……..the big decisions without me. I ……….from my mobile to tell tem the train was late and I …..annoyed that they ……(not ) for me.
8. I looked terrible when I saw Joe last night because I ……….for over an hour and I was exhausted.
9. Simple future tense
1.Predicting something that is likely happen in the future = အနာဂတ္မွာ ျဖစ္နုိင္တဲ့တစ္ခုခုကုိ ၾကဳိတင္ ခန္းမွန္းခ်က္ထုတ္တဲ့အခါမွာသုံး
You will win the race. I think he will pass the final exam.
2.Expressing willingness to something = ဆႏၵကုိထုတ္ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး ၊
I will go with you if you like.
3.Making a decision at the time of speaking = စကားေျပာေနတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ တစ္ခုခုလုပ္ဖုိ႕ ဆုံးျဖတ္တဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
I will call you in a few minutes then. Oh! I have left the door open. I will go and shut it. I will have an orange juice. I forgot. I will phone her now.
4.Expressing uncertain future= မေသျခာတဲ့အနာဂတ္အတြက္သုံး၊
I will probably be home late evening.
I haven’t seen kyaw Kyaw today. I expect he will phone this evening.
Don’t worry about the exam. I am sure you will pass. Do you think Su Su will like the present we bought her. I don’t think the exam will be difficult. I wonder what will happen.
Near future or certain future forms
အဂၤလိပ္မွာ လုပ္ဖုိ႕ျဖစ္ဖုိ႕ ေသျခားတဲ့ နီးကပ္တဲ့ အနာဂတ္အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြဆုိရင္ shall , will နဲ႕မသုံးပါဘူး။ သူတုိ႕အစား ေအာက္မွာျပမယ့္ pattern ေတြနဲ႕သုံးပါတယ္။
Be + going to = My brother is going to go abroad next week. How long are you going to stay?
Be + ing = I am leaving soon. It is raining. I am going. We are going to invite a lot of people.
Be+ about to = He is about to die. She is about to fall down.
Be+ to +V1 = She is to attend computer course. I am to learn English 4-skills.
Exercise
Put the following sentence into the Future by changing the verbs into the present continuous making any changes that are necessary.
1. We started a new lesson last week. 2. He came to see me about his son. 3. I sat for the examination last week. 4. I met him at the air-port at 4:30p.m. 5. The boys went for a swim in the new pool. 6. Uncle took us to the Zoo yesterday. 7. We had fish for dinner last night. 8. The teacher gave us a test on Monday. 9. When did they open the new restaurant? 10. He help me with my homework after lunch.
Underline the most suitable form of the verbs.
Dear Paul and Claire,
We’re having a wonderful time here in France. The weather is beautiful and we’ve got lots of plans for how to spend the next couple of weeks. Tomorrow 1we’re going out/we will go out on a glass-bottomed boat to look at the wonderful sea life, and then on Wednesday we think 2we’re taking/we’ll take a tour of the old town. Ollie’s unit lives close, so 3we’re visiting/we’re going to visit her too if we have time.
The hotel is lovely and lively and has lots of good night life. Tonight 4 they’re holding /they‘ll hold an international evening, with lots of food from different countries.
As you know, we’re here with our friends, John and Wendy, but 5 of they aren’t staying/they won’t stay as long as us, so 6 we’re probably doing/ we’ll probably do the really ‘touristy’ things with them, and be lazy in our second week. You can hire small sailing boats for the day, so we think 7 we’re doing/we’re going to do that next week, and 8 we’re also going to try/we’re also trying to have time to do some shopping!
I hope you are ready for your big trip. 9 You love/You’ll love Australia. In fact 10 you’re going to probably end up/you’ll probably end up staying there and much longer than you’re planned.
Have a great time, and 11 we’re going to see/we’ll see you when you get back.
Love Kath and Ollie
10. Future continuous tense
An action that will be continuing at a particular time in the future= အနာဂတ္တိက်တဲ့ တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္မွာ ဆက္တုိက္ျဖစ္ေနလိမ့္မယ့္ လုပ္ရပ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
This time next week I will be training for the race. I will be watching the football match at 3 o’clock. This time next month I will be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea.
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences in the future continuous form.
1. Are you going to stay here for long?
2. I will write to my mother after lunch.
3. He will give a lecture at ten tomorrow.
4. We are having ice-cream after dinner.
5. She will wash the clothes in the afternoon.
6. Are you using your computer this afternoon?
7. I will see a lot of him during the holidays.
8. She will teach English to the seventeenth standard next term.
9. He is going to use my car this afternoon.
10. We are going to play the Yanong F.C team tomorrow.
11. Future perfect tense
An action that will be completed before a particular time in the future= အနာဂတ္တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မတုိင္မီ ျပီးျပည့္စုံသြားတဲ့ လုပ္ရပ္အတြက္သုံး၊
By next June I will have participated in four Olympics. Next year they will have been married for 25 years. We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.
Exercise
Put the verbs in the brackets into the future perfect tense.
1. By one o’clock I (finish) my work.
2. By the time you reach the cinema the show(start).
3. In 1068 Burma (be) independent for twenty years.
4. By the end of this year I (complete) this book.
5. After three years of constant practice you (learn) how to speak English well.
6. The plane (leave) by the time you reach the air-port.
7. The party (end) long before you return.
8. The children (grow) big by the time their father returns from active duty.
9. By this time next month the building (complete)
10. The match (end) by six o’clock.
12. Future perfect continuous tense
Expressing the duration of time that has occurred before a specific time in the future=အနာဂတ္တိက်တဲ့ အခ်ိ္န္မတုိင္မီ ျဖစ္ျပီးသြားခဲ့တဲ့ အခိ်န္ကာလ အေတာအတြင္းကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာသုံး၊
By next May I will have been training at this Gym for 10 years. By next month I will have been studying English for 15 years. By this time next week he will have been approaching her for 3 years.
Exercise
Put the verb into the correct form, wil be +Ving or will + have V3
1. Don’t phone between 7and 8. We………. (have) dinner then.
2. Phone me after 8o’clock. We………. (finish) dinner by then.
3. Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3o’clock until 4.30. So at 4o’clock, we….. (Play) tennis.
4. Can we meet tomorrow? Yes, but not in the afternoon. I ……..(work)
5. Do you think you…… (still/do) the same job in then years’ time?
6. When their son was born, they ……..(married) for three years.
7. We’re late. The film ……….. (already/start) by the time we get to the cinema.
8. Later in the programme, I ……. (talk) to the Minister of Education.
Fill in the gaps with future form in the brack.
Teacher: What ………. (you/do) this time next year?
Student1: Well, that’s difficult to say but I hope that I …….. (travel) round the world. Before then I ……… (hopefully/save up) enough money for the ticket. I plan to end up in Australia and when I …….(get) there, I’ll get a job and earn some money. So, in a year’s time I………. (probably/travel) for a few months already. I hope that I ……… (visit) quite a lot of difficult countries by then too.
Teacher: What do you plan to do when you graduated?
Student 2: Well, my plans have changed a bit. I …..(do) a journalism course, but I didn’t get accepted. So I’ve sorted something else out and I ……… (start) a hospitality course tomorrow, actually. It’s for six months, so I ………(not/finish) in time to go travelling next spring, unfortunately. However, as soon as I …….(find out) if I’ve passed the course, I can apply for a job in a hotel in Australia.
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NLABR
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